Erma Hershberger was explaining to me today’s episode of “Life on an Idyllic Wisconsin Dairy Farm”.
Around 8 a.m., she and her husband, Vernon, were finishing up a late breakfast, when a couple of cop cars and a car with two inspectors from the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection pulled into the driveway. The sheriff’s deputies surrounded the store and asked three of the couple’s teenage children, who were outside, to open the locked doors.
Vernon got on the phone, reached the sheriff’s office, and complained that the deputies were on private property, and he wanted them removed immediately . A few minutes later, they sped away, DATCP inspectors in tow. And a few minutes after that, a DATCP inspector telephone Vernon and asked to set up an appointment to return. All agreed the DATCP inspectors would come at 10 a.m.
At 10, Jackie Owens and Cathy Anderson, the DATCP inspectors, were back. By now, a handful of customers were there, along with Max Kane, the Wisconsin buying club owner whose own civil disobedience case is under appeal. The DATCP inspectors said they had an “inspection warrant” and wanted to enter the store.
The store was locked. Vernon sat on a camping chair outside the store and relaxed. “If you show me where it says in the warrant I have to assist you, I will,” he told them.
As Max Kane filmed the exchange, Jackie Owens reprimanded him for holding the video camera too close to her. “You’re violating my personal space,” she told him.
“So, sue me,” Max responded. “Oh wait, I forgot, you already are suing me.” Jackie Owens seemed not to appreciate Max’s humor.
She then told Vernon her crew would be leaving, but promised to return to a state judge and tell him the dairy owner refused to help them do their inspection. And off the posse went, having been at the dairy less than ten minutes.
“These repeated visits are very stressful,” Erma Hershberger told me.
Definitely so. Normal hard-working citizens like the Hershbergers aren’t used to being targeted by the cops. Talk about role-reversal. The Hershbergers, like most of us, expect to call on the police to go after the bad guys. The police aren’t supposed to be going after the good guys.
And that is a big part of the problem confronting DATCP. Indeed, this seeming cat-and-mouse game being played out between DATCP and the Hershbergers has a number of intriguing subplots.
First, there’s the issue of a search warrant. Now, DATCP has to go back to a judge and try to justify breaking down the doors to the Hershberger farm store. An alert judge might inquire as to the urgency of such a drastic step. He might well wonder, are we talking about illegal firearms, or a heroin stash? Now, DATCP ideally would love to be able to say that the milk samples they took during their raid last week showed pathogens–a clear danger. But surely the samples showed nothing, or DATCP would have used that excuse already. So what do they say now to justify breaking in? They may well come up with something about some sort of legal violation of Wisconsin restrictions on raw milk, and get their warrant, but each step up the “force” ladder tends to receive ever more judicial examination.
Then there’s the matter of media attention. The Madison, WI, area media are following this situation closely, and one Madison TV station seems to have a regular reporter assigned to the case. The video Don Wittlinger linked to is worth a look, if only to see Max Kane and one of his shots of Jackie Owens.
The Sauk County District Attorney, Patricia Barrett, can’t be feeling real good about what’s going on, either. Her phone has been ringing off the hook from raw milk drinkers and other sympathizers for the Hershbergers. Her problem is that she is an elected official, and picking on hard-working farm families is generally not a good way to accumulate material for those 30-second TV spots pols like to show during re-election season. In fact, Patricia Barrett might want to pick up the phone and chat with Victor Fitz, the Cass County prosecutor in Michigan who was presented with the Richard Hebron case in late 2006 and 2007, and finally tossed it back to the Michigan Department of Agriculture like a hot potato.
Finally, there’s the problem of morale. Now, maybe Jackie Owens likes harassing small farms–I met her at a conference in 2008, and she seemed to be looking forward to the time when DATCP would take off the gloves and go after raw milk dairies. But I can guarantee that sheriff’s deputies and other law enforcement types don’t like clamping down on good people. Each time Jackie Owens and her cronies call the sheriff for help, the deputies are likely a little less enthusiastic. Who knows, maybe one of them has a situation like that described by Mom to Boys following my previous post, and is desperate to maintain his raw milk supply.
Besides all the challenges I’ve described, there’s an even bigger fear the DATCP people are certainly dealing with when they go home at night: that all the news media coverage will piss off ever more people, and other dairy farmers will feel emboldened to do what Vernon and Erma Hershberger have been brave enough to do. If you think one Vernon Hershberger is a problem, what about three or five or eight such cases. DATCP wouldn’t be able to handle the situation.
All of which helps explain why DATCP is in a tight spot. Not enough of a tight spot to make one feel badly for them, in the least. Wisconsin farmers and consumers have a golden opportunity to tighten the screws on their tormenters.
(I have a further analysis of the Wisconsin situation on the Huffington Post site.)
***
When last we left the Massachusetts clampdown on raw milk buying clubs, the commissioner of the state’s Department of Agricultural Resources was promising a broadened inquiry into raw milk within 30 days of a May 10 hearing, and the Organic Consumers Association had complained to the state’s attorney general about violations during the hearing of the state’s Open Meetings Law.
As I said on a previous post, Massachusetts politics can get awfully weird. So in that spirit, we have the Northeast Organic Farming Association of MA announcing on its raw milk web site, as if it’s the MDAR’s press outlet, that MDAR won’t hold hearings and will continue its clampdown on buying clubs. There’s lots of stuff there about “discussions” within MDAR. Sounds like MDAR didn’t like all the pro-raw-milk stuff it heard at the May 10 hearing, and so decided to ignore it…and got NOFA-Mass to announce it.
And OCA says it heard back from the MA attorney general about the organization’s complaint that many consumers were denied entrance to the May 10 hearing. It says in part, “… we have determined that there was no Open Meeting Law violation because the Department of Agricultural Resources is not a governmental body subject to the law.” Since MDAR is part of the executive branch, it is subject to a different law regarding hearings, not the Open Meetings Law. The MA AG bureaucrats wouldn’t be sticking up for their buddies at MDAR, would they?
This situation once again makes it very clear that the current power play as it is unfolding can evolve into some rather dangerous situation. The provocation by state authorities can easily evolve into emotional and aggressive behaviors on both sides.
Farmers and consumers who are in fact co-producers have to draw a line in the soil to make it clear that we have reached the point of no return.
Will there be accidental "deaths" as a result????
If the state needs them there will be some who will pay one way or the other.
In the overall scheme of things the commitment to dialogue shall never cease, but on the condition that the liberty of the individual is not infringed upon.
Any seizure ,any charges, any threats or any raids cannot and will not open the doors for a peaceful resolution.
Farmers and consumers, health practitioners and patients , and all those who protect their rights shall not back down as long the pressure keeps building.
The discussions about"one dead child will end the raw milk movement, or should we use gloves to prevent pathogens entering the milk" are pointless and useless in the current situation.
The key for change will be the courage of individuals who are not afraid of Marler and Co or John Sheehan or the local sheriff.
Add up the numbers how many are we and how few are they.
How long will it take until more farmers discover that they have power to say NO.
Look at the Hershberger family they just said NO look at Max Kane he just said NO .
It is much harder to say no than to say YES.
We need to learn to say NO
THE LINE IS DRAWN IN THE DIRT.
This is about much more than raw milk. This is about the future of life on the planet. Shall we allow life to thrive and flourish, or shall we allow it to be squandered and exploited in the name of profit and control?
Inspect ourselves, train ourselves, have standards far above – yet – SENSIBLE not ARBITRARY and certainly not a system used to viciously exterminate great – GREAT – farms – while they turn a blind eye to Mega FACTORY FARMS.
Our state government – our legislators – need to take a look at DATCP. They have been and continue to be the personal fiefdom of Rod Nuelsestuen. You look – you will find – really bad things happening. At the very least – you will see poor priorities in what they do with taxpayer money. You will find favoritism. You will find a whole whole lot of dead weight and bad attitudes up their at DATCP. Time to clean house.
Notice I talk about things TO DO. What can be, and the specific things that need to happen to do so.
1. RAW DAIRY INSPECTION TOUR 2010. WISCONSIN EDITION.
Michael Schmidt, Mark McAffee run good clean dairies. Colorado. Vermont. NY.
Who are our ‘star’ Raw Dairy farms that really have it together?
Could we put together a team of say – 6 – all with raw dairy safety experience.
Come to oh, say, VERNON HERSHBERGERS farm. Scott TRAUTMAN’s farm.
How are we doing, what can we do to improve safety?
We video.
We write.
We document.
We suggest.
We put together the core ideas that will drive raw milk safety. Templates for individual farm ‘operating rules’.
INSANE THOUGHT OF THE DAY
Bill Marler: Why don’t you come along. Other than McAffee & Schmidt’s milk farts, I’ll bet it would be the most interesting couple of days you’ve had in your life. Being physically in the same space: Hard for civil decent – yet passionate – people – not to get along. Even come to know each other. Bill, understand there might have to be a few whispered moments here.
Just stinkin’ thinkin.
Back to DATCP
1. go to the next DATCP board meeting. We want an investigation. Site specific issues; specific dates and times. These Food Safety people especially are saying a whole lot that isn’t being challenged. Why I had me quite a list of questions for Food Safety myself some time ago.
2. hit our legislators AGAIN-we want action NOW – not AFTER elections but we need to know who we are going to support like crazy – or work towards getting them out of office with a passion. (you politico pundits: how many really, really passionate, connected people does it take to really derail – or make – a campaign?)
3. Milk dumps – protests at the Capital, DATCP.
4. Who wants to start a WIsconsin Family Farms in CRISIS:DATCP Attacks, DAY XXX
And second column:
DATCP DESTROYED FARMS TODAY:
If it was like last year – and this being worse for Wisconsin Dairymen –
FAMILY DAIRY FARMS – 8 farms each and every day
CAFO DAIRY COWS + 1000 cows per day
Consolidate the stories of DATCP "priorities" – lots of little guys get this same crap treatment let me tell you – let’s all get together and all tell our stories.
Focused effort on solving problems. Sit around and bitch and talk all you like, it’s not changing anything. ACTION people, ACTION. Take out the trash, shine the pride. We are on the march!
Scott Trautman, PROUD Wisconsin Dairyman
We don’t work for them, damnit, they work for us…US! Its time they were reminded of that.
Bob BUBBABOZO Hayles
Good discussion happening over at Marlers blog.
cp
Mark, I’m wondering more about plans for creating a raw milk certification standards organization? I’m very interested in helping out with that in whatever ways I can.
Hell, he can’t even defend the constitutionality of federal rules regarding food regulation.
Bob BUBBABOZO Hayles
Ignore cp. CP only tries to distract and not illuminate.
Bacteria: Masters of Biosphere
"Bacteria have been perceived by most people as disease-causing microbes since the germ theory of contagion caught on. Otherwise they have been largely ignored. Yet [h]ad [bacteria] been discovered on Mars, their description would have been much more dramatic and the bizarre quality of their natural history, which often seems like science fiction, would not have been missed, notes Sorin Sonea (a physician) and Maurice Panisset (a veterinarian) (3)
The greatest division in the kingdom of the living is NOT between plants and animals, but between bacteria and organisms made of nucleated cells. (4) Bacteria are called prokaryotes and organisms made of nucleated cells are named eukaryotes.
"Bacteria, to repeat, do NOT have a nucleus, which is why they are prokaryotes (which means before nuclei) and NOT eukaryotes. Instead, their DNA is loose within their bodies. As a result of this situation, bacteria NEVER reproduce by mitosis, which evolved AFTER the Archean time (in the Proterozoic). A parent bacterium simply elongates its DNA, dragged by growing membrane to which it is attached, until the full-grown cell splits to form two offspring identical to it, explains Margulis (p. 94)
Bacteria may not reproduce by mitosis, but they DO trade their DNA very easily. Margulis imagines the Archean Earth as a promiscuous place of prodigious growth and rapid genetic transfer that led, by and by, to the genetic restrictions of the Proterozoic descendants known as protists. (p. 93) Bacteria will sometimes trade naked pieces of DNA called plasmids or as protein-coated pieces called viruses. [Hmmmm] The way that bacteria trade their DNA is to grow a cell bridge through which the genes pass. This is called conjugation. The offspring is a unique genetic recombinant. Bacterial recombination is the rage among biotechnologists who force the colon bacterium Escherichia coli to produce, for example, human insulin by getting the bacteria to take up a particular human gene.
"Prokaryotic bacterial cells NEVER fuse (like an egg and sperm). Their genes instead FLOW. Margulis paints a compelling picture of a world in which human genes behaved like prokaryotes: Imagine you are a blue-eyed person (perhaps with newly acquired green hair) who, in a swimming pool, gulps the more common gene for brown eyes. Toweling off, you pick up genes from sunflowers and pigeons. Soon the brown-eyed you is sprouting petals and flyingeventually reproducing into gliding brown-eyed, green-haired quintuplets. This fantasy is mundane reality in the world of bacteria, except that most genes traded there are for metabolic and subvisible traits. (p. 96)
This explanation of how bacteria exchange or acquire DNA so easily and often,explains why the Minnesota department of Health is necessarily mistaken about it’s ability to connect bacteria found on a farm to bacteria found in a stool sample.Knowing how bacteria exchange DNA means that even the bacteria entering the digestive system of a calf or a human is very unlikely to maintain it’s identity as it passes through.
http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/17/5719
"Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Profile Changes Resulting from Spontaneous Chromosomal Deletions in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 during Passage in Cattle"
" Instability of the PFGE patterns of EHEC O157:H7 isolates has been reported. Changes in PFGE patterns were observed among strains after repeated subculturing and prolonged storage at room temperature (11). Loss of Shiga toxin genes and a large-scale inversion within the genome were identified as genetic events generating changes in PFGE patterns in vitro (10, 13). Shifts in the genotypes of EHEC O157:H7 clinical isolates from patients and cattle have been reported (3, 14). This phenomenon was also observed in EHEC O157:H7 experimental infections of cattle. Spontaneous curing of a 90-kb plasmid resulted in the loss of two restricted fragments from the PFGE profiles of EHEC O157:H7 isolates obtained from experimentally infected cattle (2). The purpose of the present study was to identify the genetic events affecting the PFGE patterns of EHEC O157:H7 after passage through the intestinal tract of cattle, especially for restriction fragments that are >90 kb long."
"Prior to drawing a conclusion, we need to consider the use of nalidixic acid, a potent inducer of bacteriophage induction (24), for selection of the isolates. In addition, most of the EHEC O157:H7 isolates obtained on day 8 postinoculation and later were isolated from enrichment cultures (Fig. 1). The possibility that the culturing process itself affected the deletion events affecting the PFGE profiles cannot be ruled out. Taken together, the results suggest that deletions can cause a single strain to mutate into several variants while it is passing through the gastrointestinal tract of a host, provided that the culture technique used does not contribute to this process. Hence, this study may explain why EHEC O157:H7 isolates with various PFGE profiles can be isolated from a single animal. What causes the deletion mutations and why the PFGE profiles show such patterns after passage through cattle are subjects for future studies."
Aren’t they saying that e. coli 0157:H7 can change PFGE profiles as a result of being cultured or if not , then it is changing PFGE profiles as a result of passing through the host’s digestive system(implying that this could happen whether the host is cow or human) ?
How can we rely on PFGE profiles to identify matching DNA fingerprints if they can change as the result of culturing(a necessary part of PFGE analysis) or if they can change as they pass through a host’s digestive system?Doesn’t this make you question the whole process of tracking 0157:H7 from the farm to the consumer of the milk?
If these testing procedures are questionable,what happens to all of the outbreaks that cp is so concerned about?Yes,people got terribly ill,but what do we really know about the cause of the illness?Do we really know that the children in Minnesota became ill from the milk?If the testing was done with an open, collaborative, transparent and scientifically rigorous and neutral approach ,then we might have more confidence in the results.
In the hands of unpasteurized milk opponents these mysterious testing procedures are just smoke and mirrors used to deceive us.
For example, Agrobacterium causes tumors on the crown of a plant, where the soil meets the base of the plant. If you get rid of just one plasmid, Agrobacterium can’t make the tumor anymore. So it’s now got a new name, by definition. So you’ve got this terrifically arbitrary situation.
"But microbiology’s mostly not science, it’s practical art. That comes from its beginnings with Pasteur. Microbiologists are pragmatic, pious businessmen. There’s no intellectual tradition in microbiology.
Bacteria do not have species. The rules for species naming do not apply to bacteria. But they need to have identity labels because of the practical importance in agriculture and health."
"AM: So what would you call them, these different microbial organisms?
LM: You’d call them bacterial strains, or something like that. They definitely have some kind of identity. The genus name is more important than the species name. The genus name does correlate with a lot of common traits. But the reason the species were imposed is because they’re socially so important, they’re economically so important, that you can’t have total chaos. You have to have a name, just like you have to have a name for diseases. How can you treat them if you don’t have a name? "
"
AM: Carl Woese in the late 1970s discovered a group of microorganisms that he named Archaea, and he drew a new tree of life, in which the major subdivisions were three domains – Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya – rather than five kingdoms. But you like the five-kingdoms approach better. That was a surprise to me, because it was in part Woese’s redrawing of the tree that helped bring the importance of microbes to more general awareness.
LM: Okay. I think that’s a really crucial thing.
The first thing to say is that Woese made an unprecedented contribution, because he’s got a single gene, namely the one for 16S RNA, which is present in all cells – because they don’t work otherwise. And that gene can be compared in all organisms, whether they have feathers or teeth, or leaves, or spores, or whatever it is. That gives you what the 19th century people called a "partial phylogeny." It gives you a trait that can be traced through every cellular organism.
By tracing that gene he found that there are these two major groups of bacteria, and then most of the eukaryotes are relatively uniform with respect to this one trait. That’s so far, so good. But he’s worse than wrong about taking that trait as representing the live organism and the organism’s history. That’s where there’s a horrible problem.
And the problem is that you’ve only got one gene. But an organism has 30,000 genes (if it’s a eukaryote), and he’s ignoring 29,999. (If it’s a prokaryote, it typically has 5 or 6 thousand genes.) So you’re not studying the lineage of live organisms when you study this gene. You’re studying this gene.
Now this gene does give you an insight, and I would not deny that.
If Woese had not seen the differences between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, I wouldn’t have been able to see that all eukaryotes have both types in their ancestry, and therefore are products of symbiogenesis. It’s a very valid point.
And being able to quickly assess what kind of bacteria an organism is with respect to this 16S RNA, all of that’s very useful and very practical. And very informative. But what he’s done is extrapolated it way beyond what it’s really telling you. What amazes me is how fast people accepted this. Archaebacteria can exchange genes with Eubacteria. They are bacteria in every way."
"The Germs of Life"
" Fear of bacteria has reached a feverish pitch recently, thanks in large part to the work of ever-industrious advertisers.
In our efforts to eliminate these germs we have had devastating effectsnot on the bacteria, but on ourselves."
"Humans have nonetheless found no shortage of ways to foul communities, cause extinctions, and threaten our own existence in the process. But bacteria wouldnt miss us. They have run the planet for most of its history, and our rush to indiscriminately kill them only reveals our own navet. The bacteria, with their complex history and virtuoso performances in energy and food recycling, will easily endure our assault. But our own survival depends on a revolution in human attitudes towardand ability to learn fromour microbial ancestors."
Thrilling read:
"Vernon sat on a camping chair outside the store and relaxed. "If you show me where it says in the warrant I have to assist you, I will," he told them.
It’s also great to hear about Max’s in-your-face dialogue with whatshername. I am inspired by his courage and activism. That’s not something I could do without huge vexation, and conviction – not to mention focused commitment.
Micheal Schmidt, you see what you started? I am ashamed I did not stand up with you when you were alone. Many many thanks to you!
Gradually, the veil of authority’s control is being erased from my brain. We can be free?
Double Wow. Miguel, thank you so much for your teachings, and for being such an excellent student – asking all the right questions, refusing to accept things that don’t make sense, researching and sharing what you learn. I’m a slow student, but thanks to your patient repetition and fresh presentations, I am learning! You are one smart compassionate man. I wonder if the information you present could be used in a court of law to challenge health department charges?
What’s more; you illuminate nature and life. That is such a gift! (BTW, I’m working on the thistle problem. It’s year one. I got a big pile of manure yesterday…thanks to my neighbor. Thistle only grows in disturbed soil – hmmm.)
Very satisfying blog and comments – thanks to all. I’m trying to bite my tongue (God help me) about CP’s less than helpful comments and Marler’s grandstanding – suffice it to say that I agree with what others have posted.
Final note – David Gumpert rocks!
-Blair
State health officials have identified three additional cases of E. coli O157:H7 illness in Minnesotans linked to consumption of raw milk or other dairy products from a dairy farm in Gibbon, Minnesota.
Less than helpful sore lips (cp)
http://tiny.cc/t9b6v
Instead this is a product that almost everyone takes and what happened to this woman is just a statistical side effect to such a common drug.
http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/06/08/dairy-farm-ecoli-outbreak/?refid=0
http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/health/96169679.html?elr=KArksLckD8EQDUoaEyqyP4O:DW3ckUiD3aPc:_Yyc:aUUr
Two of the latest victims are school-age children who consumed products from the farm on May 26 and May 27, though officials don’t think their families deliberately ignored health warnings. "They probably just didn’t know about it," said Dr. Joni Scheftel, state public health veterinarian for the Health Department.
One of the children was hospitalized for three days but has been released, she said. No one sickened in the outbreak remains in the hospital, including a toddler who earlier was hospitalized with a life-threatening complication from the pathogen, officials said.
The infant who recently got sick didn’t consume the dairy products, and apparently picked up the bug from a family member stricken earlier in the outbreak, officials said.
State Agriculture Department officials said Friday that an investigation of the dairy is still underway. So far, 28 environmental and animal samples from the farm have tested positive for harmful E. coli, including 26 with the same genetic signature of the pathogen found in the sick consumers, the Health Department said.
In a new development, the department said three manure samples from the dairy’s milking area also genetically matched the illness strain.
and thank you david ,michael schmidt, vernon ,and max.way to go !
http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/06/08/dairy-farm-ecoli-outbreak/?refid=0
http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/41/5/1843
Evaluation of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis as a Tool for Determining the Degree of Genetic Relatedness between Strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7
Margaret A. Davis,1* Dale D. Hancock,1 Thomas E. Besser,2 and Douglas R. Call2
Field Disease Investigation Unit, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences,1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 991642
Received 16 May 2002/ Returned for modification 29 September 2002/ Accepted 29 January 2003
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has been used extensively to investigate the epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7, although it has not been evaluated as a tool for establishing genetic relationships. This is a critical issue when molecular genetic data are used to make inferences about pathogen dissemination. To evaluate this further, genomic DNAs from 62 isolates of E. coli O157:H7 from different cattle herds were digested with XbaI and BlnI and subjected to PFGE. The correlation between the similarity coefficients for these two enzymes was only 0.53. Four additional restriction enzymes (NheI, PacI, SfiI, and SpeI) were used with DNAs from a subset of 14 isolates. The average correlations between similarity coefficients using sets of one, two, and three enzymes were 0.405, 0.568, and 0.648, respectively. Probing with lambda DNA demonstrated that some DNA fragments migrated equal distances in the gel but were composed of nonhomologous genetic material. Genome sequence data from EDL933 indicated that 40 PFGE fragments would be expected from complete XbaI digestion, yet only 19 distinguishable fragments were visible. Two reasons that similarity coefficients from single-enzyme PFGE are poor measures of relatedness (and hence are poorly correlated with other enzymes) are evident from this study: (i) matching bands do not always represent homologous genetic material and (ii) there are limitations to the power of PFGE to resolve bands of nearly identical size. The findings of the present study indicate that if genetic relationships must be inferred in the absence of epidemiologic data, six or more restriction enzymes would be needed to provide a reasonable estimate using PFGE.
* Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3052. Phone: (208) 885-7892. Fax: (208) 885-6518. E-mail: madavis@uidaho.edu.
A few questions about how the investigation was carried out by the Minnesota Dept of Health:
How many enzymes were used for these PFGE profiles that "match"?
What other evidence do you have that "links" the illnesses to the farm?
Did you begin this investigation looking for links to this farm or did you look at all of the data wthout prejudice?
Listen to what they say about PFGE.
Why the search for a whole genome way to identify e.coli 0157:H7 when PFGE is the "gold standard" for identifying strains?
The answer is clearly ,PFGE is not a reliable tool for identifying or tracking strains of e coli.
"No more unclear PFGE gells,with optical mapping the differences are clear."(at 7:20 in the video)
Notice that they don’t claim to be able to find "matching of strains" ,they use this to discover differences.Even with this whole genome approach ,these patterns can only tell us when strains differ from each other.
but it does have to do with raw milk in a way, i guess ,because of the way raw milk and organic healthy foods help your health instead of eating gmo and processed food and then being prescribed dangerous pharmaceuticals to supposedly help your bad health and not being made fully aware of the dangerous side effects[not just of the drugs but of gmo foood that are not labeled here and that i had no idea were so prevalent till i saw food inc, and read the omnivores dilemna etc ]
when what would really help everyone is to change their diet to organic local and non pasteurized non homogeonized non irradiated non uv too[ im guessing non uv, sounds suspicious] food and to walk more
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